中国罕见病研究的现状与未来

罕见病是人类社会发展的沉重负担,对罕见病进行深入研究具有重要的社会意义和科学价值。中国人口基数巨大,为罕见病研究提供了广阔资源,同时也带来了巨大挑战。既往中国在罕见病领域取得了众多成就,同时也面临着研究力量分散、资源整合缺乏等问题。随着政府部门、学术机构、研究团体及个人对罕见病研究的重视及参与,中国罕见病研究正朝着协作、创新方向发展。未来的中国罕见病研究将从多个方面推进,为中国及世界应对罕见病挑战作出贡献。     

透视中国综合防灾减灾的主要进展及其挑战和战略对策

系统总结中国自然灾害风险主要特点和综合防灾减灾工作的现状特征,全面梳理综合防灾减灾工作的发展趋势,分析综合防灾减灾面临的三大挑战,提出有针对性和可实施性的五大战略对策。一方面,未来100年中国的气候变暖趋势将进一步加剧,极端天气事件发生的频率将增大,荒漠化、海平面上升、冰川退缩趋势将进一步加重,全球气候变化所引发的各类巨灾和由此触发的各类自然灾害的突发性、并发性、群发性、异常性日益凸显。另一方面,中国能源结构以煤为主,同时是世界上进口石油资源的大国,随着中国经济的发展,未来能源消费和二氧化碳排放量还将持续增长,经济社会发展对能源安全、粮食安全、生态安全提出了更高要求。为适应气候变化背景下的各类灾害带来的不利影响,中国应全面提高监测预警水平,建立综合防灾减灾体系,全面提高应对突发灾害和巨灾的应急能力;推动建立区域综合防灾减灾范式,系统实施绿色经济战略,大力推进节能减排,转变经济发展方式。     

因子分析在冀东峪耳崖金矿地球化学找矿中的应用

峪耳崖金矿位于华北板块北缘，矿区基底地层为太古界迁西群麻粒岩相和角闪岩相，矿体受NNE—NE向断裂构造控制，赋矿围岩为花岗岩。在矿床地质特征基础上，利用矿区土壤地球化学数据，采取传统统计法和累计频率法圈定了金矿12个元素的异常范围；运用因子分析方法划分出了Sb Hg Pb As元素组合、Au Ag Bi元素组合、Zn Cu Sn元素组合和W Mo元素组合；再对因子得分进行趋势面分析，较为有效地突出了深层次的找矿信息，更准确地圈出成矿靶区。结合研究区地质特征认为Au Ag Bi元素组合和Sb Hg Pb As元素组合为研究区最佳地球化学标志元素组合，下一步地质工作重点应放在矿区中矿带矿体深部及其南部异常高值区，同时布置少量工程在北矿带，以追索与唐杖子金矿之间的联系。     

Chinese state and society in epidemic governance: A historical perspective

This paper looks at the role of state and society in the history of epidemic governance in China for an appreciation of the way China manages the current COVID-19 epidemic.     

北方干鲜果害鼠绿色防控技术

文章介绍了北方干鲜果各种不同为害方式害鼠的相应的绿色防控技术,树根和树干害鼠中华鼢鼠、棕色田鼠宜采用银恒快速捕鼠器捕杀;果实害鼠岩松鼠、花鼠、北社鼠防治时等应采用坚果注射杀鼠剂精准灭鼠技术;果园地面害鼠大仓鼠、长尾仓鼠、黑线姬鼠等可采用TBS技术绿色防控;果实贮藏害鼠褐家鼠、黄胸鼠、小家鼠采用粘鼠板消灭。各类绿色灭鼠技术可为干鲜果害鼠的防控提供参考。     

Acute kidney injury in China

China has a large population and bears a heavy burden of kidney diseases. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is increasingly prevalent in China and is associated with severe morbidity and mortality. The inadequacies of early diagnosis and management remain the major challenges to Chinese nephrologists. There is an urgent need for a nationwide, or even a global effort to increase an awareness of the devastating effects of AKI, to develop professional preventive strategies, as well as to achieve early diagnosis and early intervention. In this article, we review the increasing incidence of AKI and complexity behind prevention and management, focusing on differences in various clinical settings in China.     

南海珊瑚岛礁水域浅层地震反射波勘探

在南海某珊瑚岛礁的工程勘察中，采用快速高效的浅层水域地震反射波勘探方法配合钻探进行联合勘察，将钻孔的“点”与物探的“线”结合起来，相互对比、佐证，进行综合解释，查明了岛礁珊瑚松散沉积物的厚度、基岩起伏形态及大范围内的连续地质剖面。勘探结果为岛礁岩土工程性状调查、水文地质调查以及工程建设提供了可靠的地质依据和设计参数，取得了理想的效果。水域地震反射波对岛礁的不同地貌单元内礁坪、向海坡、潟湖、外海的沉积层界面反映清晰，但在外礁坪区域由于现代海滩岩的发育，声波较难穿透。     

A strategic roadmap for large-scale green hydrogen demonstration and commercialisation in China: A review and survey analysis

Hydrogen is gaining increased attention from industries and policymakers in China. However, most of the current demonstration projects in the country have relied on conventional energy sources, including industrial byproduct hydrogen and grey hydrogen produced from fossil fuels. Moreover, strategies and policy frameworks leading to a shift to green or low-carbon hydrogen have neither been explored in-depth nor been identified clearly in the context of China. This study aims at bridging such gaps. Roadmapping techniques enhanced by the Delphi method and SWOT analysis are used to survey hydrogen energy experts from government bodies, industries, and academia to achieve basic agreement on strategically enabling large-scale green hydrogen demonstrations followed by commercialisation in China. The outcome of two rounds of surveys showed that experts' opinions converged on a strategic roadmap with three stages of development. The corresponding policies needed in each stage are evaluated and selected to form a systemic framework.     

Characterization and exposure assessment of household fine particulate matter pollution in China

Household fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) pollution greatly impacts residents' health. To explore the current national situation of household PM_2.5 pollution in China, a study was conducted based on literature published from 1998 to 2018. After extracting data from the literature in conformity with the requirements, the nationwide household-weighted mean concentration of household PM_2.5 (HPL) was calculated. Subgroup analyses of spatial, geographic, and temporal differences were also done. The estimated overall HPL in China was 132.2 ± 117.7 μg/m³. HPL in the rural area (164.3 ± 104.5 μg/m³) was higher than that in the urban area (123.9 ± 122.3 μg/m³). For HPLs of indoor sampling sites, the kitchen was the highest, followed by the bedroom and living room. There were significant differences of geographic distributions. The HPLs in the South were higher than the North in four seasons. The inhaled dose of household PM_2.5 among school-age children differed from provinces with the highest dose up to 5.9 μg/(kg·d). Countermeasures should be carried out to reduce indoor pollution and safeguard health urgently.     

Effects of sintering method and BiFeO3 dopant on the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of BaTiO3–BiYbO3 based solid solution ceramics

(0.95–x) BaTiO₃–0.05 BiYbO₃–x BiFeO₃ (x?=?0, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04) (abbreviated as (0.95–x) BT–0.05 BY–x BFO) ceramics were fabricated by conventional sintering (CS) and microwave sintering (WS) methods. Effects of sintering method and BFO dopant on the microstructure and electric properties of (0.95–x) BT–0.05 BY–x BFO ceramics were comparatively investigated. X-ray diffraction showed that all CS and WS samples presented a single perovskite phase. It was also found that WS ceramics possessed denser microstructure and finer grains compared to CS samples as indicated by the surface morphology characterization. Dielectric measurements revealed that all samples exhibited the weak relaxation behavior; however, the degree of relaxation behavior of BT–BY based ceramic could be strengthened by addition of BFO and by WS method. Moreover, the temperature and frequency stability could be improved with doped BFO. The density of 0.93BT–0.05BY–0.02BFO ceramic was found to be the largest while that of 0.94BT–0.05BY–0.01BFO ceramic was the smallest, thus, the dielectric constant of 0.93BT–0.05BY–0.02BFO was significantly larger than that of 0.94BT–0.05BY–0.01BFO and 0.94BT–0.05BY–0.04 BFO ceramics. minimum dielectric constant of (0.95–x) BT–0.05 BY–x BFO ceramic was obtained at x?=?0.01. Ferroelectric measurements indicated that all samples showed the slim hysteresis loop. The remnant polarization (P_r) and coercive field (E_C) of (0.95–x) BT–0.05 BY–x BFO ceramics first decreased and then increased with increasing x，the minimum values were obtained at x?=?0.01. Moreover, P_r and E_C of WS ceramics were slightly larger than those of CS ceramics, indicating that higher density and larger grain sizes contributed to enhancing the ferroelectric characteristic. These findings indicate that addition of moderate amount of BFO and use of WS technique can strengthen the degree of relaxation behavior and improve the ferroelectric properties of BT–BY based ceramics.